![]() ![]() For those with symptoms, pain control is usually the first measure, using medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids. When a stone causes no symptoms, no treatment is needed. Soft drinks containing phosphoric acid (typically colas) should be avoided. If fluid intake alone is not effective to prevent kidney stones, the medications thiazide diuretic, citrate, or allopurinol may be suggested. Drinking fluids such that more than two liters of urine are produced per day is recommended. ![]() In those who have had stones, drinking fluids is suggestion to prevent stones. Stones are typically classified by their location: nephrolithiasis (in the kidney), ureterolithiasis (in the ureter), cystolithiasis (in the bladder), or by what they are made of ( calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, cystine). ![]() The diagnosis is usually based on symptoms, urine testing, and medical imaging. Stones form in the kidney when minerals in urine are at high concentration. Risk factors include high urine calcium levels, obesity, certain foods, some medications, calcium supplements, hyperparathyroidism, gout and not drinking enough fluids. Most stones form by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. About half of people who have had a kidney stone are likely to have another within ten years. A stone may also result in blood in the urine, vomiting, or painful urination. If a stone grows to more than 5 millimeters (0.2 inches), it can cause blockage of the ureter, resulting in sharp and severe pain in the lower back or abdomen. A small stone may pass without causing symptoms. Kidney stones typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. Kidney stone disease, also known as nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy where a solid piece of material ( kidney stone) develops in the urinary tract. Pain medication, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy Severe pain in the lower back or abdomen, blood in the urine, vomiting, nausea īased on symptoms, urine testing, medical imaging Ībdominal aortic aneurysm, diverticulitis, appendicitis, pyelonephritis ĭrinking fluids such that more than two liters of urine are produced per day Urolithiasis, kidney stone, renal calculus, nephrolith, kidney stone disease, Ī kidney stone, 8 millimeters (0.3 in) in diameter ![]()
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